By: Iman Prihandono, SH, MH, LL.M

[point of lecture]

Sumber Hukum

n Materiil: bahan-bahan/materi yang membentuk atau melahirkan kaidah atau norma yang mempunyai kekuatan mengikat; dan menjadi acuan bagi terjadinya sebuah perbuatan hukum.

n Formal: menentukan prosedur pembuatan hukum (siapa, bagaimana), dan bagaimana hukum materiil ditegakkan.

Sumber Hukum Internasional

Article 38 (1) of the ICJ Statute : The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:

1. International Convention, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;
2. International Custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;
3. The General Principles of law recognized by civilized nations;
4. Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.
   

Hirarki

VCLT (1969), art. 53, treaty menjadi batal bila bertentangan dengan norm of general international law. Maka, bukan hierarkis, tapi:

1. Sumber a dan b: sumber dari hukum positif.
2. Sumber c dan d: sumber dari hukum alam.

Mochtar Kusumaatmadja

Sumber hukum utama/primer :

1. perjanjian internasional;
2. hukum kebiasaan internasional;
3. prinsip-prinsip hukum umum;

Sumber hukum tambahan/subsidier :

1. keputusan pengadilan;
2. ajaran para sarjana terkemuka;

Starke’s : Source of Int’l Law

1. Customary international law;
2. Treaty;
3. Decisions of judicial/ arbrital tribunal;
4. Juristic works;
5. Decisions or determinations of the organ of international institutions;

Arti Penting Custom

1. Customary international law;
2. Treaty;
3. Decisions of judicial/ arbrital tribunal;
4. Juristic works;
5. Decisions or determinations of the organ of international institutions;

Custom

Art. 38(1)(b) Statuta ICJ: “International Custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law”

---USSR, Breznev Doctrine (1968) Vs. US, Grenada Intervention (1983)

State Practice

Usage: praktek umum negara yang tidak menimbulkan kewajiban hukum;
Comity: sopan santun dalam hubungan internasional;
Custom: praktek umum yang dilakukan berulang-ulang dan diterima sebagai hukum;

Element of Custom

“International Custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law”

1. Opinio Juris;
2. Duration;
3. Uniformity and Consistency;
4. Generality;

I. Opinio juris sive necessitatis

1. A believe that a certain practice is obligatory as a matter of law.

2. A conviction felt by states that a certain form of conduct is required or permitted by international law

---The Lotus Case (1927) “conscious of having a duty to abstain”.

---The Asylum Case (1950)

---North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (1969) “reservation to a treaty”.

II. Duration

1. Long duration;

2. Short Duration cukup bila state practice telah secara nyata dan meluas menjadi uniform;

---North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (1969)

III. Uniformity and Consistency

1. Uniformity: tindakan oleh negara-negara pada praktiknya tidak jauh berbeda antara satu negara dengan lainnya.

2. Consistency: terhadap kasus yang sama, praktik olek negara-negara tidak terdapat kontradiksi dan perbedaan.

IV. Generality

1. Dijalankan secara meluas dan umum di antara mayoritas negara-negara;

2. Kebiasaan yang dijalankan oleh sebagian area atau dijalankan oleh beberapa negara tertentu tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai kebiasaan internasional bagi seluruh negara di dunia;

---The Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case (1951): Persistent Objector Vs. Subsequent Objector

Proses Transisi Custom ke Treaties:

Kebiasaan internasional

(1) ↓

Hukum Kebiasaan Internasional (2)

(2) ↓

Perjanjian Internasional (1)

(3) ↓

Hukum Internasional

Alasan transisi

• Aspek historis;
• Aspek fungsional;
• Aspek kepastian hukum;

TREATIES

VCLT (1969) Art. 2:

“An international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation”

Unsur Pembentuk Perjanjian Int’l

• Adanya subyek hukum internasional:

a. Negara, VCLT (1969) Art. 2(1)a

b. OI, VCOI(1986) Art. 2(1)a

• Diatur oleh hukum internasional.
• Mempunyai akibat hukum.
• Adanya kehendak untuk diikat.
• Adanya persetujuan untuk diikat dalam perjanjian yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk ratifikasi.

Terms used in the UN Treaty Collection

n Treaty;
n Agreement;
n Convention;
n Charter;
n Arrangement;
n Protocol;
n Declaration;
n Memorandum of Understanding;
n Modus Vivendi;
n Exchange of Note;

Penggolongan Perjanjian Int’l

• Participant: Multilateral Treaty

Bilateral Treaty

• Structure: Law Making Treaty

Treaty Contract

• Object: Politic

Economic

• Validity: Self Executing

Non-self Executing

Types of Treaty

1. Bilateral Treaty: treaty contract / contractual treaties.

2. Multilateral Treaty: law making treaty.

3. “Legislative” treaties.

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